[[Rom-11]] Prev: [[Prophecies in Rom-10]] | Next: [[Prophecies in Rom-12]] --- ### Even so then at this present time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace. *Type*: fulfillment *Summary*: Paul identifies the existence of Jewish Christians in his day as the fulfillment of the biblical principle of the 'remnant,' where God preserves a faithful minority within Israel. *Historical context*: The early Christian church was initially composed entirely of Jewish believers (the apostles, the 3,000 at Pentecost), which theologians like Martyn Lloyd-Jones note as the 'remnant' proof that God had not rejected His people despite the majority's rejection of Jesus. *Related to*: [[1 Kings-19#v18|1 Kings 19:18]] ("I have reserved for myself seven thousand men who have not bowed the knee to Baal.") ### God gave them a spirit of stupor, eyes that they should not see, and ears that they should not hear, to this very day. *Type*: fulfillment *Summary*: Paul cites ancient warnings of judicial blindness as being fulfilled in the contemporary Jewish rejection of the Gospel message. *Historical context*: Paul applies the language of [[Isa-29#v10|Isaiah 29:10]] and [[Deut-29#v4|Deuteronomy 29:4]] to explain the historical phenomenon of the 1st-century Jewish majority not recognizing Jesus as the Messiah, viewing it as a divinely permitted 'stupor' that allowed the Gospel to spread to the Gentiles. *Related to*: [[Isa-29#v10|Isaiah 29:10]] and [[Deut-29#v4|Deuteronomy 29:4]] ### Let their table be made a snare, a trap, a stumbling block, and a retribution to them. Let their eyes be darkened, that they may not see. Always keep their backs bent. *Type*: fulfillment *Summary*: Paul uses David's imprecatory prayer as a prophecy of the consequences for those in Israel who rejected the Messiah. *Historical context*: Theologians interpret Paul's use of [[Ps|Psalm 69]] as a prophetic description of the spiritual condition of non-believing Israel during the Apostolic era, where the very things that should have brought life (the Law and the sacrificial 'table') became a source of stumbling. *Related to*: [[Ps-69#v22|Psalm 69:22]]-23 ### a partial hardening has happened to Israel, until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in, and so all Israel will be saved. *Type*: prophecy *Summary*: Paul predicts that Israel's current state of 'hardening' is temporary and will end once a specific, complete number of Gentiles have entered the kingdom of God. *Historical context*: This is regarded as an eschatological prophecy. While some scholars (like N.T. Wright) see 'all Israel' as the sum of all elect throughout history, many others (like Douglas Moo) see it as a prediction of a future mass conversion of ethnic Jews before the second coming of Christ. *Related to*: ### There will come out of Zion the Deliverer, and he will turn away ungodliness from Jacob. This is my covenant with them, when I will take away their sins. *Type*: prophecy *Summary*: A prophecy cited by Paul to guarantee the future restoration and spiritual cleansing of the people of Israel by the Messiah. *Historical context*: Paul quotes a combination of [[Isa-59#v20|Isaiah 59:20]]-21 and 27:9. While these had initial contexts regarding the return from exile, Paul frames them as a final future fulfillment coinciding with the salvation of 'all Israel' mentioned in verse 26. *Related to*: [[Isa-59#v20|Isaiah 59:20]]-21 and [[Isa-27#v9|Isaiah 27:9]] --- #ai_prophecy